Writing a literature review in the pre or post-qualification, will exist required to undertake a literature review, either equally role of a course of written report, as a central step in the enquiry procedure. A literature review can be just a unproblematic summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. Information technology demands a range of skills, such as learning how to define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval, developing the ability to analyze and synthesize data as well as becoming adept at writing and reporting, oftentimes within a express time calibration. The aim of this article is to present a step-by-stride approach to writing a literature review research paper to facilitate educatee and novice reviewers' agreement. A literature review discusses published information in a item subject field area, and sometimes information in a item subject field area within a certain time menstruation. A literature review of a mature topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and more diversified knowledge base of the topic every bit it continues to develop. The second kind of literature review addresses new or emerging topics that would do good from a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. Considering these topics are relatively new and accept not yet undergone a comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more probable to pb to an initial or preliminary conceptualization of the topic like a new model or framework. The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for developing policies and evidence-based care, a step in the research process and every bit part of an bookish assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the task appears daunting. Oft-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject field, and how

Criteria used to systematic review
. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

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47

Writing a Literatureast Review Research Paper:

A step- by- step approach

Abdullah Ramdhaniane, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani two, Abdusy Syakur Amin iii

1 Department of Public Administration, Garut University

Jl. Cimanuk No. 285A, Garut-INDONESIA

aramdhani@fisip.uniga.air conditioning.id.

2 Kinesthesia of Science and Technology

State Islamic Academy of Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung

Jl. A. H. Nasution No. 105, Bandung- INDONESIA

m_ali_ramdhani@uinsgd.ac.id

iii Section of Industrial Technology and Direction, Pasundan University

Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 193, Bandung-Indonesia

syakuramin@gmail.com

Abstract – Westriting a low-calrature review in the pre or mail service-qualification, will bdue east

required to undertake a literature review, either as part of a course of study, as a

key step in the enquiry process. A literature review can exist just a uncomplicated summary

of the sources, but information technology usually has an organizational design and combines both

summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such every bit learning how to

define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval,

developing the ability to analyze and synthesize data likewise as becoming adept at

writing and reporting, often within a limited time scale. The aim of this article is to

present a step- by- step approach to writing a literature review research newspaper to

facilitate student and novice reviewers' understanding.

Cardinal Westwardords – Literature review; Literature searching; Writing a review.

one Introduction

A literature review discusses published information in a detail subject field surface area, and sometimes

data in a particular subject area area within a certain fourth dimension period. A literature review of a mature

topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and

more diversified cognition base of the topic equally it continues to develop. The second kind of literature

review addresses new or emerging topics that would do good from a holistic conceptualization and

synthesis of the literature. Because these topics are relatively new and have non nevertheless undergone a

comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more probable to atomic number 82 to an initial or preliminary

conceptualization of the topic like a new model or framework.

The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for

developing policies and show-based intendance, a step in the research process and as part of an academic

cess. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literatureastward review the job appears

daunting. Frequently-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a field of study, and how

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many articles to include, to what is involved in a review of the literature (Cronin, et. al., 2008). A

literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it commonly has an organizational

pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the important

information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It

might give a new estimation of old fabric or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might

trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation,

the literature review may evaluate the sources and propose the reader on the most pertinent or relevant

(writingcenter.unc.edu).

2 What is a Literature Review

A literature review is a surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular

issue, expanse of research, or theory, and past so doing, providing a clarification, summary, and critical

evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have

explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits

into the larger field of study (libguides.usc.edu, n.d.). A literature review is a description of the

literature relevant to a detail field or topic. Information technology gives an overview of what has been said, who the central

writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are being asked, and what

methods and methodologies are appropriate and useful. As such, it is not in itself primary inquiry, only

rather it reports on other findings (Emerald Grouping Publishing, n.d.).

The primary reports used in the literature may exist verbal, but in the vast majority of cases reports are

written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, disquisitional analytic, or

methodological in nature. 2nd a literature review seeks to describe, summarise, evaluate, analyze

and/ or integrate the content of chief reports (Cooper, 1988).

A literature review idue south an objective, thorough summary and critical analysis of the relevant bachelor

research and non-research literature on the topic being studied (Hart, 1998; Cronin, et al., 2008). Its

goal is to bring the reader upward- to -date with current literature on a topic and course the basis for some other

goal, such equally the justification for hereafter research in the area. A good literature review gathers

information about a detail subject from many sources. It is well written and contains few if whatever

personal biases. It should incorporate a clear search and option strategy (Carnwell and Daly, 2001;

Cronin, et al., 2008). Adept structuring is essential to enhance the catamenia and readability of the review

(Colling, 2003).

Literature review is unlike from an academic research newspaper. The chief focus of an academic

research paper is to develop a new statement, and a research newspaper will contain a literature review as

one of its parts. In a research newspaper, you use the literature as a foundation and as back up for a new

insight that you contribute. The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize

the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions.

The vast majority of literature reviews serve as a department of a primary research article that provides the

theoretical foundation for the main study that is the subject of the article. In that capacity, Fink (2005)

describes multiple purposes for literature reviews. A literature review anchors the rest of a scholarly

article. Information technology describes the content and quality of noesis already available, and readily presents the

reader the significance of previous work (Okoli & Schabram, 2010). Equally an academic slice, the review

cannot simply regurgitate the subject area matter, simply rather must contribute to the piece of work in its dual

approach of synthesizing the available fabric and offering a scholarly critique of theory (Okoli &

Schabram, 2010).

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3 Systematic Literature Review

The purpose of a systematic literature review is to provide as complete a list as possible of all the

published and unpublished studies relating to a item subject field area. It is different with traditional

reviews that attempt to summarize results of a number of studies, systematic reviews utilise explicit and

rigorous criteria to identify, critically evaluate and synthesize all the literature on a particular topic

(Cronin, et al, 2008). Primary purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive

background for understanding electric current cognition and highlighting the significance of new research. It

can inspire research ideas past identifying gaps or inconsistencies in a trunk of knowledge, thus helping

the researcher to make up one's mind or ascertain research questions or hypotheses.

Beecroft et. al. (2006) debate that a sufficiently focused inquiry question is essential before

undertaking a literature review. Equally, however, it can help refine or focus a broad research question

and is useful for both topic selection and topic refinement. Information technology can besides exist helpful in developing

conceptual or theoretical frameworks (Coughlan, et al, 2007; Cronnin, et al, 2008).

Parahoo (2006) suggests that a systematic review should detail the fourth dimension framdue east inside which the

literature was selected, as well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesize findings of the studies

in question. In lodge for the reader to assess the reliability and validity of the review (see figure 1), the

reviewer needs to nowadays the precise criteria used to: (a) Formulate the research question; (b) Set

inclusion or exclusion criteria; (c) Select and access the literature; (d) Asses the quality of the literature

include in the review; (eastward) Analyse, synthesize and disseminate the findings.

Fig.1: Criteria used to systematic review

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4 Steps in the Literature Review Process

Given the particular processes involved in systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis, the

focus of the remainder of this article is on the steps involved in undertaking a traditional or narrative

review of the literature. Cronin et. al. (2008) argue that the commencement step involves identifying the subject of

the literature review. The researcher undertaking a quantitative study may take decided this already.

However, for the individual undertaking a non -inquiry based literature review this will exist the first

step.

four.1 Choosing a review topic

The commencement task to tackle, oftentimes the virtually difficult, in writing a review of literature is choosing a topic

(Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin, et al, 2008). Often the task is specially difficult because of a

lack of knowledge in the content area. Below are some hints for facilitating your pick of a topic.

First, skim through your textbook and identify broad topics in the subject area that involvement you. 2nd,

read the chapters associated with the topics you lot selection to develop familiarity with the vocabulary (primal

words), primary investigators, and bug or controversies in the expanse. Third, talking to others, such as

good, or reading effectually a topic can besides assist to identify what areas of the field of study the reviewer is

interested in and may help bespeak how much data exists on the topic (Timmins and McCabe,

2005). The next step, after choosing a topic, is to go to the library and search for journal manufactures

published in the area. Use key words to find article titles for specific topics; sometimes abstracts are

provided for the reader'southward reference. Abstracts can be useful, time saving devices because they help in

weeding good, associated literature from unrelated, peripheral articles.

Cronin (2008) explained that having sufficient literature is besides of import, particularly when the

review is an academic assignment. These academic exercises usually have short deadlines, then having

enough literature is key from the perspective of beingness able to do the review and submit information technology on time.

Literature reviews that are part of bookish coursework ordinarily have strictly enforced word limits and

it is important to adhere to that limit. Summitics that are too broad will upshot in reviews that are either also

long or too superficial. As a rule of thumb, information technology is better to start with a narrow and focused topic, and if

necessary broaden the scope of the review as you progress. It is much more than difficult to cutting content

successfully, especially if time is short.

4.ii Searching and selecting advisable articles

The next step later on selected a topic is to identify, in a structured way, the appropriate and related

data. A systematic approach is considered almost probable to generate a review that will be

beneficial in informing practice (Hek and Langton, 2000; Cronin et al, 2008). Newell and Burnard

(2006) suggest that comprehensiveness and relevance are what reviewers need to consider and add that

the more specific the topic or question being searched is, the more than focused the result will be (Cronin et

al, 2008).

The type of articles that are selected for a good review of literature are theoretical presentations,

review articles, and empirical research articles. Choosing the work of a single researcher may be one

method for starting a literature review. Your presentation will exist more powerful if conflicting

theoretical positions and findings are presented forth with the position or prediction that you support

in your paper. You should choose several researchers' works that have added to the knowledge base in

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a specific area. Strive to eliminate (or explain away) manufactures that have faulty methods or that use faulty

reasoning to support their findings.

Nowadays, literature searches are undertaken virtually unremarkably using computers and electronic

databases. Estimator databases offer access to vast quantities of information, which can be retrieved

more than easily and quickly than using a transmission search (Younger, 2004). At that place are numerous electronic

databases, many of which bargain with specific fields of information. It is important therefore to place

which databases are relevant to the topic (Cronin et al, 2008). Existing literature reviews and

systematic reviews can also be important sources of data. They tin can offer a good overview of the

inquiry that has been undertaken, so that the relevance to the present work can be determined (Cronin

et al, 2008).

Cronin et. al. (2008) contend when undertaking a literature search an of import question in determining

whether a publication should be included in your review is defining the type of source. The iv main

types of sources are outlined in Table 1. In conducting the literature search it is important to keep a

record of the keywords and methods used in searching the literature equally these volition need to be identified

subsequently when describing how the search was conducted (Timmins and McCabe, 2005).

Table 1. Defining the types of sources for a review

Usually a report by the original researchers of a report

Clarification or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher, e.g. a review commodity

Papers concerned with description or analysis of theories or

concepts associated with the topic

Views or opinions about the subject that are not research, review or

theoretical in nature

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

Information technology is ever more desirable to utilise primary sources whenever possible. Primary sources in science are

usually in the form of articles published in reputable journals. Generally, journals are regarded equally

being more than up- to- date than books every bit sources of information (Cronin, et al, 2008). Secondary sources

include textbooks and review articles or Clarification or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher. Like your literature review, secondary sources do not contain new information. A expect at

secondary sources is often a good move when starting a literature review, but you never rely solely on

secondary sources and always review the primary sources as a bank check against possible errors.

4.iii Analysing and synthesizing the literature

After you take collected the articles you intend to use in your literature review, you lot are ready to

analyze each 1 (break it downwards and identify the important data in it) and then synthesize the

collection of articles (integrate them and place the conclusions that tin exist fatigued from the articles as

a grouping).

Initially, it is advisable to undertake a first read of the articles that have been collected to become a sense of

what they are about. Most published manufactures contain a summary or abstract at the commencement of the

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newspaper, which will assistance with this procedure and enable the decision equally to whether it is worthy of farther

reading or inclusion. At this point, it may too be of benefit to undertake an initial classification and

grouping of the manufactures by type of source (Cronin, et al, 2008).

There are a number of tools that can help us analyze and synthesize our key sources. Table ii testify

about using a synthesis matrix to organize the sources in your literature review and integrate them into

a unique interpretation that not only serves equally the foundation of your report but also contributes to the

dialogue in your field and establishes your credibility as a scholar. There are limitless means of

structuring a matrix (Sally, 2013).

For example is a synthesis matrix organized past the fundamental studies on your specific topic. Place half-dozen to

twelve studies that are closely related to the focus of your study and that you will utilize as the foundation

for your proposed research. In the beginning column along the vertical centrality of the table, list the writer and

date of publication for each study (Sally, 2013). Then create columns to identify the purpose or

research questions the authors posed, the method used in the report, characteristics of the sample, the

major findings of the study, the principal ideas or themes distilled from the findings, how the findings

confirm those of other studies (similarities), and how the findings differ from other studies or offer

information non constitute in other sources.

Table ii. A synthesis matrix organized past the key studies

Sources, (Sally, 2013).

Another tools for clarify and synthesize is undertake an initial classification and grouping of the

articles by type of source. One time the initial overview has been completed it is necessary to return to the

articles to undertake a more systematic and critical review of the content. Information technology is recommended that some

blazon of structure is adopted during this process such as that proposed by Cohen (1990). This unproblematic

method is referred to as the Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) system and it not only keeps

you focussed and consistent but ultimately facilitates easy identification and retrieval of material

peculiarly if a large number of publications are being reviewed (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Following the preview sthistoric period, a reviewer may stop upwardly with four stacks of articles that are deemed

relevant to the purpose of the review (Cronin, et al, 2008). In the question phase, questions are asked

of each publication. Here several writers have suggested using an indexing or summary system (or a

combination of both) to assist the process (Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin et al, 2008).

Although there are slight variations in the criteria proposed in the indexing and summary systems,

generally they are concerned with the title of the article, the author, the purpose and the method

applied in a research study, and findings and outcomes. It is also useful to contain comments or

key thoughts on your response to the commodity afterward it has been reviewed. For the purpose of skillful record

keeping, it is suggested that the source and total reference are also included. Information technology can be very frustrating

trying to locate a reference or a key point amidst a plethora of articles at a after stage (Cronin, et al,

2008).

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Every bit it is likely that not all of the manufactures will be primary sources, you lot may wish to adapt your summary

system to accommodate other sources, such every bit systematic reviews or not-research literature. Possible

headings, adjusted from appraisal tools for various types of literature are outlined in Table 3. Although

it may be laborious at times, each article should exist read while trying to answer the questions . It is

worth noting, nevertheless, that if any aspect of the appraisement is not clear, it may be beneficial to access

more detailed tools or checklists that facilitate further analysis or critique (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Table 3. Summary of information required in review

Secondary sources

-review

Periodical (full reference):

Journal (full reference):

Periodical (total reference):

Review questions/ purpose:

Primal thoughts/ comments, east.one thousand.

strengths/ weakness:

Primal thoughts/ comments, e.thou.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, e.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

The last stage of appraisal is to write a short summary of each article and may include key thoughts,

comments, strengths and weaknesses of the publication. Information technology should exist written in your ain words to

facilitate your understanding of the fabric. It also forms a expert footing for the writing of the review

(Cronin, et al, 2008).

4.four Arrangement of writing the review

The main aim in structuring your review of the literature is to lead your reader to understand the need

to conduct precisely the course of literature review or research newspaper that you propose or have done. The

key to a adept literature review or research paper is the ability to present the findings in such a manner that

it demonstrates your knowledge in a articulate and consistent way (Cronin, et al, 2008).

The introduction and decision to your review of the literature should show how your research

project will join the on-going conversation: identify the key terms and concepts and bespeak how your

research volition resolve unresolved questions in others' work. You can althen outline the construction of the

review itself — by preview in the introduction, or review in the conclusion — and yous can then

foreshadow the direction of the next section/ chapter.

4.4.1 Introduction

Cronin, et al (2008) fence that the introduction should include the purpose of the review and a cursory

overview of the 'problem'. It isouth important that the literature sources and the key search terms are

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outlined. The introduction will non just nowadays the main topic, only will besides make a statement nearly

the condition of knowledge in this area of research.

Some areas of concern in preparing the introduction is (a) Define or identify the full general topic or area

of concern to provide a context for reviewing the literature; (b) Point out overall trends, conflicts in

theory, methodology, evidence and conclusions, or gaps in resecurvation and scholarship, to place a

particular problem; (c) Establish your purpose for reviewing the literature or point of view; explain the

criteria used to select and evaluate the literature; explain what it included or excluded (telescopic); and

forecast the organization or sequence of the review.

4.4.2 Principal body

The principal torso of the report presents and discusses the findings from the literature. At that place are several

ways in which this can be washed (Cronin et al, 2008; Carnwell & Daly, 2001). Regardless of the fashion

in which the principal torso of the review is framed, in that location are cardinal points that must exist considered. First,

Grouping research studies and other literature according to common denominators such as qualitative or

quantitative approaches, purposes, theories, methodologies, or conclusions. Second, summarize

individual studies in item advisable to its comparative importance in the literature and to its

relevance for your inquiry. Third, United states of americaeast figures and/ or tables to present your own synthesis of the

original data or to show cardinal data taken directly from the original papers.

In order for your reader to motility through your information with ease while keeping the big picture in

view, order your body paragraphs in the same mode that you lot did in the statement virtually how your

literature review volition proceed. Order the abstractions (principal ideas) from general to specific, deciding

which sources have contributions to make to which concepts. You will and so present more specific

information from the sources, using in-text commendation, to talk over the abstractions in more particular and to

point out areas of agreement or debate amid sources. Your trunk paragraphs should piece of work to non only

summarize what sources accept said, just to demonstrate relationships between them.

4.4.3 Conclusion

The determination should provide a summary of findings from the literature review. Explain what your

analysis of the material leads you to conclude near the overall state of the literature, what it provides

and where it is defective. Cronin et al (2008) mention that the review should conclude with a concise

summary of the findings that describes current knowledge and offer a rationale for conducting future

research. In a review, which forms part of a study, any gaps in knowledge that take been identified

should lead logically to the purpose of the proposed study. In some cases, it may also be possible to

employ the adult themes to construct a conceptual framework that will inform the study. In all

reviews, some recommendations or implications for practise, educational activity and research should be

included.

4.4.4 References

The literature review should conclude with a full bibliographical list of all the books, journal articles,

reports and other media, which were referred to in the work. Regardless of whether the review is office

of a class of study or for publication, it is an essential function of the process that all sourced material is

acknowledged. This means that every commendation in the text must appear in the reference. Omissions or

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errors in referencing are very common and students often lose vital marks in assignment because of it.

A useful strategy is to create a separate file for references and each time a publication is cited, it tin be

added to this list immediately (Cronin et al, 2008).

5 Conclusion

This article has presented a detailed guide to developing a systematic literature review This guide

presents a step-by - pace approach to carrying out the rigorous, scientific methodology of a systematic

literature review. While written by and large enough to be applicable to a wide range of fields,

esspecially specific to social sciences and management.

Whether the approach is qualitative or quantitative will often dictate when and how it is carried out.

Fivearious types of literature reviews may be used depending on the reasons for conveying out the review

and the overall aims and objectives of the research. Writing a review of the literature is a skill that

needs to be learned. Past conducting them, pupil or researchers can be involved in increasing the

noesis through evidence-based practice.

References

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Colling, J (2003). Demystifying The Clinical Nursing Research Process: The Literature Review. Urol

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Cooper, H. M. (1988). The Structure of Knowledge Synthesis. Knowledge in Gild, 1: 104- 126.

Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, M. (2008). Undertaking a literature review: a footstep-past - step

approach. British Journal of Nursing, 17(one): 38 -43.

Emerald Group Publishing (n.d.) How to Write a Literature Review. Retrived from

http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/authors/guides/write/literature.htm.

Galvan, J. L. (2006). Due westriting literature reviews. Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.

Hall, T., Beecham, S., Bowes, D., Gray, D., & Counsell, South. (north.d.). A Systematic Literature Review on

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Hart, C. (1998). Doing a Literature Review. London: Sage Publications.

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world wide web.academic.edu.

Okoli, C., & Schabram, K. (2010). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of

Information Systems Enquiry. Sprouts: Due westorking Papers on Information Due southystems, ten(26).

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Younger, P. (2004). Using the internet to conduct a literature search. Nurs Stand 19 (vi): 45-51

... Para Ramdhani et al. (2014, citado por Rodríguez, 2020, los gestores bibliográficos permiten la revisión de fuentes fiables y de interés que ayudan a dilucidar "el panorama de investigación mediante una visión general de fuentes exploradas, lo cual afianza el trabajo científico o académico east indica a los lectores como el proyecto de investigación se ajusta a un campo full general de estudio más amplio". En consecuencia, se puede decir que en cierta medida existe una acción recíproca entre el investigador y la fuente bibliográfica y que puede terminar en un intercambio de papeles; es decir, que no siempre el role player desde su accionar cuestiona el contenido, sino que el contenido puede cuestionar la perspectiva de pensamiento del investigador en cualquier escenario social, tecnológico o educativo. ...

Este es united nations estudio de caso con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y nivel descriptivo, sobre cómo los estudiantes perciben el uso del gestor bibliográfico colaborativo digital. El estudio ayuda a reconocer la relevancia de utilizar dicho gestor para cualificar la investigación y la producción académica, desde proyectos que desarrollan estudiantes de la maestría en Tecnologías Digitales Aplicadas a la Educación. Participaron 103 estudiantes de los módulos: Caracterización de la investigación aplicada y Propuesta de investigación aplicada. Los resultados dejan ver que los tesistas valoran positivamente el gestor como dispositivo tecnológico clave para la gestión de la información y del conocimiento; a su vez, permiten inferir que esta herramienta informática en mención facilita la búsqueda, clasificación y análisis de registros bibliográficos, traduciéndose en adecuadas toma de decisiones y mejora en el desempeño tanto académico como de investigación.

... Enquiry method is done through literature review. Ramdhani et al. defined literature review as an act to talk over existing literature works in which the literature works discusses a certain subject also it may discuss it in a sure time (Ramdhani et al., 2014). Therefore this research article will answer the issue presented in the previous section through literature reviews. ...

  • Axel Victor Christian

States takes measure during Covid-19 Pandemic. Those measures are not unified nether the same standard thus limiting mobility. With the vaccine then available the measures and standards states have becomes more complicated and not unified. There needs to be a unified measure out which is a unified social command through international constabulary by analysing whether social control is permissible under international police. A unified social control for measures that effect the mobility will unify standards. Information technology is permissible considering the states behaviour under the current Covid-19 Pandemic. Unified control through international should exist done in a treaty or convention. Diplomacy for the success of the treaty and so should exist done through track two model of diplomacy which will provide freedom to usa in raising their wills and concern on the respective treaty.

... Desain penelitian dengan literature review dimana peneliti harus melakukan pencarian literature secara mendalam, detail, dan teliti. Tujuan literature review memberikan gambaran mengenai penelitian sebelumnya untuk di kolaborasikan dengan gambaran peneliti atau pengarang saat ini sebagai pandangan baru dalam sebuah penelitian (Ramdhani, Ramdhani and Amin, 2014 seharihari pasien seperti akses pasien untuk ke pelayanan terdekat atau ke rumah sakit, memfasilitasi apabila pasien sedang mengalami kekambuhan seperti pasien mengalami amuk keluarga dapat memberikan bantal agar pasien dapat melampiaskan amarahnya tanpa melukai dirinya sendiri, memfasilitasi alat makan dan mandi pasien dimana alat yang digunakan tidak membahayakan pasien, serta memfasilitasi Ketika pasien ingin istirahat seperti ventilasi kamar pasien yang sejuk dan nyaman, tidak terdapat gorden, dsb. thousand. ...

  • Firda Nur Rahma Santi
  • Heryanto Adi Nugroho
  • Edy Soesanto Edy Soesanto
  • Eni Hidayati

Halusinasi merupakan persepsi dimana individu tidak mampu membedakan antara persepsi nyata dengan tidak nyata, menyebabkan individu akan kehilangan kontrol akan dirinya. Keluarga memiliki pengaruh dalam kesembuhan atau kekambuhan pasien apabila keluarga belum memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai perawatan halusinasi dan dukungannya pada pasien saat mengontrol halusinasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan hubungan pengetahuan keluarga tentang perawatan halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu menyeleksi artikel dari berbagai sumber dengan menggunakan Teknik PICO lalu di sesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi yang telah di tentukan yaitu artikel terpublikasi maksimal 5 tahun (2016 – 2021), artikel full teks, menggunakan Bahasa Republic of indonesia dan Bahasa inggris, tema artikel pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan mengontrol halusinasi. Berdasarkan analisis artikel disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi di pengeruhi oleh pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat anggota keluarganya yang mengalami halusinasi dan adanya pemberian dukungan keluarga yang baik untuk pasien. Saran : keluarga secara mandiri merawat pasien dengan halusinasi, di rekomendasikan masuk dalam intervensi asuhan keperawatan.

... The manufactures were collected, classified, and reviewed to place of import information that tin can be further used past various stakeholders of the domain of interest. In this context, a brief reading of the literature needs to be carried out, giving more attention to abstracts of articles as they provide summaries from which readers can make up one's mind its relevance to the domain nether investigation [17]. For case, DiMatteo adult a quantitative review of fifty years of medical research on patient adherence to treatment. ...

Over the past few years, numerous studies and research manufactures have been published in the medical literature review domain. The topics covered by these researches included medical data retrieval, affliction statistics, drug analysis, and many other fields and application domains. In this newspaper, we employ various text mining and data analysis techniques in an attempt to find trending topics and topic cyclopedia in the healthcare literature and information mining field. This analysis focuses on healthcare literature and bibliometric data and word clan rules applied to 1945 enquiry articles that had been published betwixt the years 2006 and 2019. Our aim in this context is to assist saving time and effort required for manually summarizing big-scale amounts of data in such a wide and multidisciplinary domain. To carry out this task, we employ topic modeling techniques through the utilization of Latent Dirichlet Resource allotment (LDA), in addition to various document and discussion embedding and clustering approaches. Findings reveal that since 2010 the interest in the healthcare big information analysis has increased significantly, as demonstrated by the 5 most commonly used topics in this domain.

  • Fabricated Ayu Anggreni
  • Syarif Sumantri
  • Nurbiana dhieni Djalil Nurbiana dhieni Djalil
  • Karnadi Karnadi

Faktor globalisasi menjadi salah satu faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi internal Indonesia. Sekarang banyak budaya atau kebiasaan dan kepercayaan dari luar yang masuk ke Indonesia tanpa melalui penyaringan padahal seharusnya masyarakat dapat memilih mana yang baik dan mana yang buruk. Pendidikan yang berkualitas dapat menjadi benteng bagi anak-anak dari hal-hal negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kompetensi guru dalam praktik penerapan budaya pada Lembaga PAUD di Indonesia. Metode penelitian dengan literature review dan menggunakan PRISMA Checklis dilakukan pada bulan Maret – Mei 2021 dan jurnal 20 tahun terakhir, sumber data sekunder artikel jurnal bereputasi baik nasional maupun internasional pada lima database dengan kriteria kualitas tinggi dan sedang, yaitu Scopus, Tandfonline, Research Gate, SagePub dan Schoolar dengan tema kompetensi guru dan tenaga pendidik terlibat menjadi pembelajar dari berbagai komunitas budaya di mana siswa mereka berasal, berkembang sebagai pendidik yang kompeten secara budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru anak usia dini harus berkomitmen untuk mengembangkan pendidikan usia dini yang dapat terlibat dalam pedagogi yang adil dalam praktik pengajaran multikultural. Kualitas suatu pendidikan ditentukan dari berhasil tidaknya guru dalam menyampaikan materi.

  • Budi Darmo Budi Darmo

Ketergantungan untuk mendapatkan efek atau status dalam masyarakat, membuat seseorang menjadi fetish terhadap produk yang dikonsumsinya. Dalam fetisisme komoditas, iklan sangat berperan dalam menentukan nilai dan makna sebuah produk. Makna palsu yang ditanamkan ke dalam produk membuat seakan-akan kenikmatan nyata-lah yag dikonsumsi dari produk yang digunakan. Dalam Iklan AXE Parfum Saku versi Dijemput Si Cantik terdapat banyak jenis fetisisme komoditas dimana maknamakna saling tumpang tindih menyuarakan kebenarannya. Namun, makna tersebut menjadi penting untuk seseorang atau malah merusak kesadarannya, sehingga melazimkan pemujaan pada komoditi. Pada akhirnya masyarakat harus lebih kritis dalam melihat dan memilih produk yang dikonsumsinya. Kata kunci: fetisisme komoditas, iklan, makna

  • Edy Chandra Edy Chandra

Tren terhadap pemeliharaan terhadap tanaman dalam/luar rumah, yaitu jenis sukulen dan kaktus mulai menjadi sebuah aktivitas baru semasa pandemic covid-nineteen, yang mewajibkan setiap masyarakat global ataupun regional untuk lebih banyak beraktivitas di rumah. Upaya aktivitas ini telah menjadi peluang para wirausahawan ( entrepreneur) pemula untuk memulai jenis usaha dibidang ini, termasuk salah-satunya adalah produk media tanam (pasir malang, sekam, pumice, dll). Pengembangan pada seorang wirausaha muda yang menjual produk media tanam adalah pengembangan pada penciptaan identitas visual pada brand produk media tanam dan juuga aplikasi pada media stiker untuk mendukung identitas kemasan di mata konsumen. Proses pengembangan identias melibatkan proyek perancangan visual brand produk secara sederhana yang disampaikan oleh desainer kepada kliennya. Prosesnya melibatkan brainstorming seputar ide-ide visual media tanam dengan sukulen dan kaktus.

  • George Kaliampos George Kaliampos

The last three decades ii distinct trends have emerged within Early Babyhood Pedagogy, namely Early on Babyhood Science Educational activity and Early Childhood Special Education. The electric current paper tries to move along these areas and illuminate the common footing that lie between them. In particular, drawing from the formulated empiricist, Piagetian and socio-cognitive trends within Early on Babyhood Scientific discipline Pedagogy, information technology tries to explore to what extend they could expand in special needs context. In addition, it proposes diverse, specific strategies that sally from the above-mentioned trends and could be implemented in teaching science within special needs settings. By so doing, the present paper aspires to fix the frame of a newly born and well-promising trend, that of Early on Babyhood Special Science Education.

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual footing is a milestone in the reform of government financial reporting. Country fiscal management policies in the new government era also provided new insights for the development of authorities accounting research. This report aims to provide an overview of the development of government accounting research in two reputable national journals indexed past SINTA ii during the 2015-2019 period. Commodity observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 articles evidence that accountability and spending are the most popular topics to be discussed. Mixed research methods are however very express to apply in these government accounting studies. This study contributes to the management of government accounting enquiry in the time to come by providing signals of several interesting research areas to exist explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA ii selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa surface area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual footing is a milestone in the reform of regime financial reporting. Country fiscal management policies in the new authorities era also provided new insights for the development of regime accounting inquiry. This study aims to provide an overview of the development of government accounting research in two reputable national journals indexed by SINTA 2 during the 2015-2019 menstruation. Commodity observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a report of 43 articles show that accountability and spending are the most popular topics to be discussed. Mixed inquiry methods are still very limited to use in these authorities accounting studies. This study contributes to the management of government accounting research in the future by providing signals of several interesting enquiry areas to exist explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA ii selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa expanse penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

Eco-innovations, eco-efficiency and corporate social responsibility practices define much of the current industrial sustainability calendar. While of import, they are insufficient in themselves to deliver the holistic changes necessary to achieve long-term social and environmental sustainability. How can we encourage corporate innovation that significantly changes the way companies operate to ensure greater sustainability? Sustainable business concern models (SBM) contain a triple bottom line approach and consider a wide range of stakeholder interests, including surroundings and society. They are of import in driving and implementing corporate innovation for sustainability, tin can help embed sustainability into business purpose and processes, and serve as a key driver of competitive advantage. Many innovative approaches may contribute to delivering sustainability through business models, but accept not been collated under a unifying theme of business organisation model innovation. The literature and business exercise review has identified a broad range of examples of mechanisms and solutions that tin contribute to business model innovation for sustainability. The examples were collated and analysed to place defining patterns and attributes that might facilitate categorisation. Sustainable business organization model archetypes are introduced to draw groupings of mechanisms and solutions that may contribute to building up the business model for sustainability. The aim of these archetypes is to develop a common language that can be used to accelerate the evolution of sustainable business models in research and practice. The archetypes are: Maximise textile and energy efficiency; Create value from 'waste matter'; Substitute with renewables and natural processes; Deliver functionality rather than ownership; Adopt a stewardship role; Encourage sufficiency; Re-purpose the business for society/environment; and Develop scale-upward solutions.

  • Chitu Okoli Chitu Okoli
  • Kira Schabram

This working newspaper has been thoroughly revised and superseded past ii distinct articles. The starting time is a revised and peer-reviewed version of the original article: Okoli, Chitu (2015), A Guide to Conducting a Standalone Systematic Literature Review. Communications of the Clan for Information Systems (37:43), November 2015, pp. 879-910. This article presents a methodology for conducting a systematic literature review with many examples from IS research and references to guides with further helpful details. The article is available from Google Scholar or from the author'south website. The 2d extension article focuses on developing theory with literature reviews: Okoli, Chitu (2015), The View from Giants' Shoulders: Developing Theory with Theory-Mining Systematic Literature Reviews. SSRN Working Newspaper Serial, December 8, 2015. This article identifies theory-mining reviews, which are literature reviews that excerpt and synthesize theoretical concepts from the source primary studies. The article demonstrates past citation analysis that, in information systems research, this kind of literature review is more than highly cited than other kinds of literature review. The article provides detailed guidelines to writing a high-quality theory-mining review.

Background: The accurate prediction of where faults are likely to occur in code can aid direct test effort, reduce costs and meliorate the quality of software. Objective: We investigate how the context of models, the contained variables used and the modelling techniques practical, influence the performance of mistake prediction models. Method:We used a systematic literature review to identify 208 fault prediction studies published from January 2000 to Dec 2010. We synthesise the quantitative and qualitative results of 36 studies which report sufficient contextual and methodological information according to the criteria nosotros develop and utilise. Results: The models that perform well tend to be based on simple modelling techniques such as Na??ve Bayes or Logistic Regression. Combinations of independent variables have been used past models that perform well. Feature option has been practical to these combinations when models are performing peculiarly well. Conclusion: The methodology used to build models seems to be influential to predictive performance. Although there are a set up of fault prediction studies in which confidence is possible, more studies are needed that apply a reliable methodology and which study their context, methodology and performance comprehensively.

  • Ros Carnwell
  • William Daly William Daly

This paper describes the procedure by which a literature review is conducted. Information technology begins by identifying the purpose of a literature review, and and then explores how key words tin exist used to define the scope of the review, how the review can be organized into t hemes and how conclusions can exist drawn from the literature to inform further studies. Examples from nursing and health care are provided to illustrate the processes described.

  • Joyce Colling

The literature review is a critical footstep in designing and conducting a credible study. It might seem tedious at kickoff, but your own ideas will become meliorate developed and thoughtful as you critique what other researchers have done. It will brand your written report stronger. Thus, don't skim over this role of the procedure. A good literature review will make the adjacent steps easier. It will also clinch that y'all are studying an important area, that the upshot has clinical importance to your patients, and that writing and reporting the results will be easier.